![]() Steppe ancestry is also present in BB individuals ( 5) however, they predominantly carry R1b-P312, a Y-lineage not yet found among CW or Yamnaya males. Although it has been proposed that CW formed from a male-biased westward migration of genetically Yamnaya-like people ( 23, 41– 44), no overlap in Y-chromosomal lineages (with the exception of a few nondiagnostic I2) has been found between the predominantly R1a-carrying CW and mainly R1b-Z2103–carrying Yamnaya males. Unresolved questions concern the genetic and geographic origins of CW and Bell Beaker (BB) individuals, their relationship to one another and to Yamnaya individuals, as well as the origin of Early Bronze Age (EBA) Únětice individuals. This Yamnaya-like “steppe” ancestry then spread rapidly throughout Europe, reaching Britain, Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and Sicily before the end of the third millennium BCE ( 5, 28– 32). CW individuals were shown to be genetically distinct from culturally pre-CW people, having ~75% of their ancestry similar to Yamnaya individuals from the Pontic-Caspian steppe ( 3, 4, 23– 27). The CW represents a major cultural shift in central, northern, and northeastern Europe, bringing changes in economy, ideology, and mortuary practices ( 14– 22). Of note, in what follows, we use the co-occurrence of human skeletal remains and markers of archaeological cultures (e.g., grave goods and body orientation) to denote an association between individuals and an archaeological culture (e.g., “CW individuals”), although this may not reflect a unified social entity. The second major turnover occurred in the early third millennium BCE with individuals of the Corded Ware (CW) culture ( 3, 4, 8). Kennett, Jana Klementová, Michal Kostka, Petr Krištuf, Milan Kuchařík, Jana Kuljavceva Hlavová, Petr Limburský, Drahomíra Malyková, Lucia Mattiello, Monika Pecinovská, Katarína Petriščáková, Erika Průchová, Petra Stránská, Lubor Smejtek, Jaroslav Špaček, Radka Šumberová, Ondřej Švejcar, Martin Trefný, Miloš Vávra, Jan Kolář, Volker Heyd, Johannes Krause, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich, Stephan Schiffels, and Wolfgang Haak +40 authors +38 authors +33 authors fewer Authors Info & Affiliations Spyrou, Nadin Rohland, , Petr Velemínský, Martin Kuna, Hana Brzobohatá, Brendan Culleton, David Daněček, Alžběta Danielisová, Miluše Dobisíková, Josef Hložek, Douglas J. Luka Papac, Michal Ernée, , Miroslav Dobeš, Michaela Langová, , Adam B. ![]()
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